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- Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures Free
- Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures 2017
- Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures
The Opiliones (/ oʊ ˌ p ɪ l i ˈ oʊ n iː z / or / ɒ ˌ p ɪ l i ˈ oʊ n ɛ z /; formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. Harvestmen covers virtually every aspect of harvestman biology.Inevitably, the longest chapter is on taxonomy, dealing with the disturbing features of the families and subfamilies in the four major Opiliones suborders. Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Edited by Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha, Glauco Machado and Gonzalo Giribet. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 13:978-0-674-02343-7. Except for some of the very small orders, nearly all arachnids have now received at least a first book on ‘‘The Biology of’’. Harvestmen covers virtually every aspect of harvestman biology.Inevitably, the longest chapter is on taxonomy, dealing with the disturbing features of the families and subfamilies in the four major This is the first major revision of the order in over fifty years, and it is a tour de force.This is a book that will be prized by many. The penis of the Opiliones (harvestmen) is an intromittent organ that is not present in other arachnids. It consists of a long shaft (the truncus) and a terminal capsule called a glans, containing a stylus and ejaculatory duct.
Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures Free
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Opiliones Temporal range: Devonian – Recent |
|
---|---|
Hadrobunus grandis | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Arachnida |
Subclass: | Dromopoda |
Order: | Opiliones Sundevall 1833 |
Diversity | |
4 suborders, > 6,400 species |
A harvestman (a male Phalangium opilio), showing the almost fused arrangement of abdomen and cephalothorax that distinguishes these arachnids from spiders.
The Harvestmen are eight-legged arachnids. Although they belong to the class of arachnids, harvestmen are not spiders. They belong to the orderOpiliones or Phalangids.
More than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered, although the real number of extant species may exceed 10,000.[1] Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. The samples found look surprisingly modern. Apparently, the basic structure of the harvestmen has not changed much since then.
Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures 2017
In some places, harvestmen are known by the name 'daddy longlegs', but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae).
Many species are omnivores, they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.
Harvestmen are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species has poison glands. They are not 'true' spiders even though they look like spiders in many ways. For example, harvestmen have no venom or silk glands; spiders have these.
Anatomy
These arachnids have exceptionally long walking legs, compared to body size, although there are also short-legged species. In harvestmen the two main body sections (the abdomen and cephalothorax) are broadly joined, so that they appear to be one oval structure; they also have no venom or silk glands, unlike true spiders. In more advanced species, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. In some species, this shield is only present in males. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and works as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.
The feeding apparatus (Stomotheca) differs from other arachnids as they are able to eat their food in chunks, without needing to liquefy it. Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species.
Further reading
- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (2005)
- Pinto-da-Rocha R. Machado G. & Giribet G. eds. 2007. Harvestmen – the biology of Opiliones. Harvard University PressISBN 0-674-02343-9
- Pinto-da-Rocha R. & Kury A.B. 2003. Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. Journal of Arachnology31: 394-399. PDF
- Shultz, Jeffrey W. 1998. Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the 'Cyphopalpatores' concept. Journal of Arachnology26: 257-272. PDF
Other websites
Harvestman The Biology Of Opiliones Pictures
A male Phalangium opilio, showing the long legs.
![Harvestman Harvestman](/uploads/1/2/4/7/124790955/168206643.jpg)
- Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on North American harvestmen
- Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on European harvestmen
- University of Aberdeen: The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen (fossils)
- National Museum page Classification of Opiliones A synoptic taxonomic arrangement of the order Opiliones, down to family-group level, including some photos of the families
References
- ↑Pinto-da-Rocha R. Machado G. & Giribet G. eds. 2007. Harvestmen – The biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
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